Pippin the Short：矮子丕平

這自然不是21世紀(jì)的新思維:自從教宗史提芬三世(Pope Stephen III)在公元8世紀(jì)接受法蘭克國王矮子丕平(Pippin the Short)的土地饋贈,查理大帝(Charlemagne)又以教會保護(hù)人自居,歷任教宗開始直轄今日意大利部分領(lǐng)土為"教皇國"(Papal States),

stupa：佛塔

在佛祖去世之后不久,馬上在佛祖圣骨之上建造了佛塔(stupa). 阿育王(Asoka)把從其原初掩埋處出土的佛祖圣骨分散到印度各地并為這些圣骨建造了佛塔. 菩薩之樹(the Bodhi Three),一種印度萻提樹(papal),

The Venetians：威尼斯

The Milan Territories 米蘭地區(qū) | The Venetians 威尼斯 | The Papal States 教皇國

Penalties for bestowing ecclesiatical benefices on the unworthy：處罰賜予ecclesiatical benefices對這些卑微

Multiple benefices require papal dispensa... | Penalties for bestowing ecclesiatical benefices on the unworthy處罰賜予ecclesiatical benefices對這些卑微 | Canons' sons cannot be canons where their fathe...

Penalties for bestowing ecclesiatical benefices on the unworthy：處罰的賜予ecclesiatical benefices的不配

Multiple benefices require papal dispensat... | Penalties for bestowing ecclesiatical benefices on the unworthy處罰的賜予ecclesiatical benefices的不配 | Canons' sons cannot be canons where their father...

Crossed keys under the Triregnum：三重冕下重疊的鑰匙

and you're from the Vatican.|你是從梵蒂岡來的 | Crossed keys under the Triregnum.|三重冕下重疊的鑰匙 | It's a papal symbol.|是教皇的標(biāo)識

the Holy Father is dead：是的 但你肯定聽說了 教皇陛下已經(jīng)過世了

Or by papal mandate.|或者教皇的允許 | Yes, but, as you no doubt have heard, the Holy Father is dead.|是的 但你肯定聽說了 教皇陛下已經(jīng)過世了 | What about il Camerlengo?|那財(cái)政官呢?

The Crusades：十字軍遠(yuǎn)征

9.Scholasticism 經(jīng)院哲學(xué) | 10.The Crusades 十字軍遠(yuǎn)征 | 11.The Decline of Papal Authority 教皇勢力的衰落

Court of Audience：聽審法院

official principal 首席推事 | Court of Audience 聽審法院 | Papal Curia 羅馬教皇法院

處罰賜予ecclesiatical benefices對這些卑微：Penalties for bestowing ecclesiatical benefices on the unworthy

Multiple benefices require papal dispensa... | Penalties for bestowing ecclesiatical benefices on the unworthy處罰賜予ecclesiatical benefices對這些卑微 | Canons' sons cannot be canons where their fathe...