In the Civil Law Family,the collateral guarantor'srights of defense mainly are related to the invalidity of the underlying contract,the revocability of the underlying contract,the right of offset,the concurrentconditions,"Einrede der Unsicherkei",the invalidity of the guarantee contract.the period of validity,the special terms of immunity from the guarantor's liabilityand beneficiam excussionis.Under the case law of the Common Law Family,thesituations in which the collateral guarantor can claim the rights of defense mainlyinclude the situation of non-fulfillment of the guarantee condition,the situationrelated to the extent of guarantor's liability,the situation under which the creditordidn't perform his obligations,the situation related to the appropriation ofpayments,the situations related to fulfillment of purpose of guarantee,thesituation related to the creditor's laches,the situation related to the loss ofsecurities held by the creditor,the situation related to the discharge of theprincipal debtor,the situation related to the creditor connivance in the default ofthe principal,the situation related to the discharge arising by operation of law andthe situation related to the fiduciary duty.

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Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.

現(xiàn)在在之上書(shū)面保證的條件是這樣如果承包商將執(zhí)行和適當(dāng)?shù)貙⒂^察前述合同的所有期限供應(yīng)條件和規(guī)定在承包商的零件執(zhí)行和被觀察與真實(shí)的主旨意向符合和意思因此或如果在缺省由承包商保人將滿足和將釋放損失由雇主遭受因此由相當(dāng)數(shù)量在之上書(shū)面保證決定然后這義務(wù)將是除消并作廢的但否則將是和將依然是在充分的力量和作用但沒(méi)有改變根據(jù)前述承包商或在工作被執(zhí)行，被完成和瑕疵的程度或本質(zhì)在工作由工程師的雇主補(bǔ)救在其下和沒(méi)有任一件問(wèn)題或事容限時(shí)間根據(jù)前述合同亦不任一忍耐或饒恕或尊敬關(guān)于雇主或前述工程師的部份的前述合同在任何情況下發(fā)行將保人從任一個(gè)責(zé)任在在之上書(shū)面保證之下欧美日在线观看黄片。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

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breach a contract：負(fù)約

breach 缺口,破口,潰決 | breach a contract 負(fù)約 | breach of an express guarantee 違反明確的擔(dān)保

contract for the sale or purchase of goods or the supply of services：出售或購(gòu)買(mǎi)貨物或提供服務(wù)的合同

contract for individual contractors;個(gè)人承包合同;; | contract for the sale or purchase of goods or the supply of services;出售或購(gòu)買(mǎi)貨物或提供服務(wù)的合同;; | contract guarantee;合同擔(dān)保;;

guarantee human right：保障人權(quán)

涉外貿(mào)易:contract of guarantee | 保障人權(quán):guarantee human right | 保障機(jī)制:guarantee system