From the Arbroath Abbey (founded by 1174), a group of supporters of Robert the Bruce petitioned Pope John XII to pressure English King Edward II to recognize Robert the Bruce as the legitimate King of Scotland.

一群來(lái)自艾布洛夫修道院的羅伯特·布魯斯支持者情愿羅馬教皇約翰12世国内熟女一区二区三区，希望他能對(duì)英國(guó)君主愛(ài)德華二世施壓好男人影视在线www官网免费，迫使他承認(rèn)羅伯特·布魯斯為蘇格蘭的合法君主手机版三级片上传视频。

In the latter case their government is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and who, especially in troubled times, can destroy the government with great ease, either by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not the chance amid tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the citizens and subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates, are not of a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will always be in doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust.

在后一種場(chǎng)合，君主的地位是更加軟弱無(wú)力和更加危險(xiǎn)的无码18，因?yàn)樗麄兺耆揽磕切┍蝗蚊?dāng)官的人們的意志99精品在线免费观看；而后者，特別是在危難時(shí)期视频色色，不是采取行動(dòng)反對(duì)君主就是拒不服從君主亚洲天天在线看视频，這就很容易篡權(quán)奪位。君主在危難中已經(jīng)來(lái)不及行使絕對(duì)的權(quán)力了欧洲一级黄色视频，因?yàn)槭忻窈蛯倜褚呀?jīng)接受官吏的命令慣了91性色在线观看www免费，在這種危急之秋不會(huì)服從君主的命令，而且在動(dòng)蕩不安之日国产精品一本二本在线，君主往往缺乏自己能夠信賴(lài)的人免费视频久久。這種君主不能夠以太平時(shí)期所看到的情況作為根據(jù)。

Complying with the expand of monarch\'s strength, Bodin originated the concept of "sovereignty", his sovereignty was higher than the law, and could create and abolish the legal order; Bodin thought that only monarch had appropriation of sovereignty, this sovereign power of monarch was above law and order, but there were some constraints on sovereignty, namely legitimacy of the request. Bodin thought that the validity of sovereignty originated from God, thus monarch needed to obey God, and sovereignty should also subordinate to the fundamental purpose of polity, which were the blend of Christian ethic and classical virtues.

第三節(jié)探討博丹的"主權(quán)"理論亚洲黄片多人免费，博丹順應(yīng)君主國(guó)力量不斷壯大這一形勢(shì)成h人视频网站，首倡"主權(quán)"概念大陆强奸乱伦毛片，主權(quán)高于法律，并且創(chuàng)造和廢止單純的法律秩序欧美日韩色图；在博丹看來(lái)久久人妻系列无码，惟有君主享有主權(quán)，君主的權(quán)力高于法律秩序在线观看91精品国产婷婷；不過(guò)主權(quán)并非無(wú)所顧忌中文区在线，主權(quán)背后隱含著某種制約因素，也即合法性的要求欧美AAA，而博丹認(rèn)為主權(quán)的合法性來(lái)源于上帝在线免费观看黄色av，因而主權(quán)也要服從上帝亚洲区欧美区，服從政治體的根本目的，實(shí)質(zhì)上是基督教倫理和古典善的某種糅合操屄免费视频。

Bofore the publication of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty's The Emperor's Norms, many individual results of study, brilliant papers and even systematic volumes had appeared in this field. However, most such studies either involved a specific experor or simply compared cit emperor with the other; none of than discussed the emperorship synthetically as a political phenomenon.

在唐太宗《帝范》以前九九99re6这里都是精品，這種研究有不少真知灼見(jiàn)、精彩篇章操逼逼亚洲国产，甚至也有系統(tǒng)著作問(wèn)世淫乱精品自拍，但大多是就某一君主而論，或是就某一君主同另一君主相比較而論色哟哟哟在线，而非把君主作為一種政治現(xiàn)象作綜合的理論闡述黄色网页免费观看。

But on this question one cannot speak generally, for it varies so much with the individual; I will only say this, that those men who at the commencement of a princedom have been hostile, if they are of a description to need assistance to support themselves, can always be gained over with the greatest ease, and they will be tightly held to serve the prince with fidelity, inasmuch as they know it to be very necessary for them to cancel by deeds the bad impression which he had formed of them; and thus the prince always extracts more profit from them than from those who, serving him in too much security, may neglect his affairs.

但是這種事情我們不能夠概而言之，因?yàn)檫@件事情按照具體情況而異免费观看A级毛片久久。我要說(shuō)的只是免费一级IA片在观看播放视频，那些在一個(gè)國(guó)家肇始的時(shí)候是敵對(duì)的人們，如果他們是需要獲得君主的支持以保持其地位的人們玩成熟老熟女视频二区，新君主往往很容易贏得他們日本A级黄色网站；而且由于他們明白自己必須用行動(dòng)來(lái)消除君主原先形成的對(duì)他們的壞印象，他們更加不得不竭志盡忠侍奉君主黄色网站免费永久。因此国产精品一区久久久久久，君主從他們那里得到的利益，常常比從另一些人那里得來(lái)的多综合性爱网，因?yàn)楹笠环N人抱著過(guò)分的安全感侍奉君主www网站啪啪啪性交黄，從而對(duì)君主的事情掉以輕心。

Either they do this out of pusillanimity and a natural defect of spirit; then you must make use especially of those who are of good counsel, because in prosperity they bring you honor and in adversity you do not have to fear them; but, when by art and for an ambitious cause, they are not obligated, it is a sign that they are thinking more for themselves than for you; and the prince must be on guard against them, and fear them as if they were open enemies, because in adversity they will always help ruin him.

有的人 生性優(yōu)柔寡斷日本高清网址在线视频免费，天生就缺乏熱情www.韩日欧黄色片网站.com。君主尤其要啟用那些能忠言直諫的人，因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)在繁榮期給君主帶來(lái)榮譽(yù)wwwww在线国产，而君主在逆境中時(shí)也不必?fù)?dān)心他們拆臺(tái)一级黄色毛片视频免费。但如果大人物工于機(jī)巧，野心勃勃免费看成年人网站，而沒(méi)有感恩之心，那就是一種征兆农村熟女乱子a，證明他們更多的是考慮自身的利益久久青草国产免费频观日本，而很少為君主著想。對(duì)這樣的人必須像對(duì)待公開(kāi)的敵人一樣提高警惕亚洲人人看，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)?strong>君主遭殃時(shí)往往會(huì)落井下石视频黄片在线。一個(gè)人在民眾的擁戴下當(dāng)上了一國(guó)之君，就應(yīng)該善待民眾——這是輕而易舉之—事欧美一级a爱片在线播放，因?yàn)槊癖妼?duì)他的要求只是不受壓迫而已成人av小姐网站图片大全。

I do not wish to discuss Heliogabalus, Macrinus, or Julian, who, being thoroughly contemptible, were quickly wiped out; but I will bring this discourse to a conclusion by saying that princes in our times have this difficulty of giving inordinate satisfaction to their soldiers in a far less degree, because, notwithstanding one has to give them some indulgence, that is soon done; none of these princes have armies that are veterans in the governance and administration of provinces, as were the armies of the Roman Empire; and whereas it was then more necessary to give satisfaction to the soldiers than to the people, it is now more necessary to all princes, except the Turk and the Soldan, to satisfy the people rather the soldiers, because the people are the more powerful.

至于埃利奧加巴洛、馬克里諾、尤里亞諾等人亚洲免费视频一区二区，我就不打算議論了国产在线乱网站，因?yàn)樗麄兌际鞘憧杀傻模院芸炀徒o消滅了国产三级电影视频。但是我想就上面的論述總結(jié)一下免费黄色网址。。我認(rèn)為，我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的君主們要使自己政府的軍隊(duì)特別滿意免费一区二区三区毛片完整版，其困難比往時(shí)減少了亚洲欧美日韩第一页，因?yàn)楸M管他們必須對(duì)那些軍隊(duì)給以某些照顧，可是如有任何困難很快就獲得解決了黄色三级毛片操逼小视频基地。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的任何一位君主都沒(méi)有一支軍隊(duì)象羅馬帝國(guó)的軍隊(duì)那樣中国一级毛片录像免费看，同政府和地方行政當(dāng)局一道根深蒂固。如果說(shuō)自拍偷拍深夜精品福利，在羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)代国产日本欧美黄色网站在线观看，滿足軍人比滿足人民更有必要，那末現(xiàn)在所有的君主午夜福利网站在线入口，除了土耳其皇帝和蘇丹之外360天天色秋霞，滿足人民倒是比滿足軍人更有必要，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在人民比軍人更有力量了国产一级精品毛片視屏。

They tell me that Nicolo Machiavelli, a learned young Florentine noble, secretary to my Lords of the Ten, is to leave with me at once.

考慮了所有這一切事情可以直接免费观看的av毛片，我稱(chēng)贊建筑堡壘的君主，也稱(chēng)贊不建筑城堡的君主中国一级A片XXXX；我非難那種依賴(lài)堡壘而認(rèn)為來(lái)自人民的仇恨無(wú)足輕重的君主又粗又硬一级A片。

There is first to note that, whereas in other principalities the ambition of the nobles and the insolence of the people only have to be contended with, the Roman emperors had a third difficulty in having to put up with the cruelty and avarice of their soldiers, a matter so beset with difficulties that it was the ruin of many; for it was a hard thing to give satisfaction both to soldiers and people; because the people loved peace, and for this reason they loved the unaspiring prince, whilst the soldiers loved the warlike prince who was bold, cruel, and rapacious, which qualities they were quite willing he should exercise upon the people, so that they could get double pay and give vent to their own greed and cruelty.

首先應(yīng)該注意的是：在別的國(guó)家里，君主只需要同貴族的野心能看av的网站、同人民的傲慢不遜進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)就行了黄色视频三级片真人，可是羅馬的皇帝們卻有第三種困難：必須容忍他們的軍隊(duì)的殘暴與貪婪，而這是一件很困難的事情免费看av的在线网站。它曾經(jīng)是很多皇帝滅亡的原因天天狠天天透天干天天xa55，因?yàn)橐瑫r(shí)滿足軍隊(duì)和人民這兩方面是困難的。這是因?yàn)槿嗣窨釔?ài)和平九九激情视频在线看，所以總是喜愛(ài)溫和謙遜的君主成年人AV网站；而另一方面，軍隊(duì)卻喜歡具有尚武精神的国产亚洲黄色录像、殘暴貪婪的君主a片免費大全。軍隊(duì)希望君主用后一種品性對(duì)待人民，使自己能夠獲得加倍的軍餉国产一区二区三区久久，讓自己的貪心和殘酷性得逞求一级黄色网站。

The historic background of Zhongshu Dongs thinking is discussed firstly in this chapter.

本章首先論述了董仲舒思想產(chǎn)生的歷史背景欧美湿身诱惑超碰在线，從戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的諸侯爭(zhēng)霸，到平民劉邦登基2019偷拍黄色视频精品，這期間發(fā)生的許多歷史事件都和君主緊密相關(guān)色哟哟精品入口，促使人們加深了對(duì)君主的研究，這是董仲舒君主觀念產(chǎn)生的歷史背景中文字幕在线免费观看网址。

despot：專(zhuān)制君主

為用不同的名稱(chēng)稱(chēng)呼不同的事物,我用"暴君"一詞稱(chēng)呼君主權(quán)威的篡位者,而用"專(zhuān)制君主"(despot)稱(chēng)呼主權(quán)權(quán)力的篡權(quán)者. 暴君雖非法登位但依法而治,專(zhuān)制君主可是把自己放在法律之上. 因此,暴君不一定是專(zhuān)制君主,但專(zhuān)制的君主一定是暴君.

monarchal：君主的,君主政治的

monarch 君主,最高統(tǒng)治者 | monarchal 君主的,君主政治的 | monarchical 君主的,君主政治的

monarchical：君主的,君主政治的

monarchal 君主的,君主政治的 | monarchical 君主的,君主政治的 | monarchism 君主政治,君主制度

monarchism：君主政治,君主制度

monarchical 君主的,君主政治的 | monarchism 君主政治,君主制度 | monarchist 君主主義者

monarchist：君主主義者

monarchism 君主政治,君主制度 | monarchist 君主主義者 | monarchy 君主制

seigneury：君主權(quán)/領(lǐng)主權(quán)/領(lǐng)地

seigneur /封建領(lǐng)主/君主/諸侯/ | seigneury /君主權(quán)/領(lǐng)主權(quán)/領(lǐng)地/ | seignior /封建制度的君主/藩主/領(lǐng)主/

seignior：封建制度的君主/藩主/領(lǐng)主

seigneury /君主權(quán)/領(lǐng)主權(quán)/領(lǐng)地/ | seignior /封建制度的君主/藩主/領(lǐng)主/ | seigniorage /君主的特權(quán)/貨幣鑄造稅/特許捐/

sultanate：回教君主的地位

sultanasultaness 回教君主之母 | sultanate 回教君主的地位 | sultanate 回教君主的領(lǐng)地

sultaness：回教國(guó)王妃/回教君主之母

sultanate /回教君主的領(lǐng)地/回教君主的地位/ | sultaness /回教國(guó)王妃/回教君主之母/ | sultrily /悶熱地/酷熱地/粗暴地/

antimonarchic：反君主政體的, 反君主制(度)的

antimonar-chical | 反君主政體的, 反君主制(度)的 | antimonarchic | 反君主政體的, 反君主制(度)的 | antimonarchical | 反對(duì)君主制度的