And for obtaining the common counsel of the kingdom anent the assessing of an aid (except in the three cases aforesaid) or of a scutage, we will cause to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and greater barons, severally by our letters; and we will moveover cause to be summoned generally, through our sheriffs and bailiffs, and others who hold of us in chief, for a fixed date, namely, after the expiry of at least forty days, and at a fixed place; and in all letters of such summons we will specify the reason of the summons.

就征收貢金或盾牌錢事宜黄18禁免费网站，為獲得全國同意，我們應(yīng)向各人發(fā)出書面文件傳召大主教一级毛片一级毛毛片免费看、主教欧美第一黄片、修院長、伯爵和資深男爵集議色无码夫妻在线；此外亚洲欧美另类中文字幕，我們應(yīng)通過郡長和執(zhí)行吏發(fā)出普遍傳召令，傳召其他直屬封臣国产精品亚洲精品专区，在確定的時(shí)間（明確日期黄片毛片一级黄片，且須在40日之后）和確定的地點(diǎn)召開會(huì)議；在所有傳召文件中激情小说亚洲色图激情视频，均應(yīng)明確傳召的理由国产h最新在线拍。

Secondly, The introduction of feoff system resulted in the partition of the public power of England, feoff system became the extreme obstacle in making a centralized kingdom of England ; The formation of the common law built up an supreme authority for the law.

其次，封君封臣制及莊園制的引入導(dǎo)致王國公共權(quán)力的分散国产av地址，是中央集權(quán)的最大障礙青草中文字幕乱码在线网站；普通法的形成則樹立了法律至上的權(quán)威，構(gòu)成了對(duì)王權(quán)長期而有效的限制免费A级毛片91无码A∨。

It became the special relationship between the Seigneur and the Aristocrat on the basis of land ownership.

封君封臣制是西歐封建主義土地所有制的表現(xiàn)形式恶亚洲黄色电影免费看，它形成了西歐封建各國的國王與貴族之間以土地關(guān)系為依托的獨(dú)特的封君封臣關(guān)系，為封建貴族的分裂割據(jù)奠定了基礎(chǔ)1024亚洲欧洲无码日韩。

This will become important later on, as he is the younger brother of the Count of Shetland, one of my not-so-entirely-loyal vassals.

在此后這會(huì)變得很重要热玖玖久久天堂，因?yàn)樗俏业囊粋€(gè)并不足夠忠誠的封臣Shetland伯爵的弟弟。

The vassal swore that he would be loyal to the king forever.

這位封臣宣誓他將永遠(yuǎn)忠誠于國王爆乳精品国产福利在线。

Of or relating to the relation of a feudal vassal to his lord.

屬于封臣和領(lǐng)主間的封建關(guān)系欧洲的免费黄色网站，或有關(guān)這種關(guān)系。

As a result of the country's feudal lords of his vassal, he needed to collect from the 4200 Knights of the armed forces.

由于全國的封建領(lǐng)主都是他的封臣国产亚洲人成网站在线观看4，在需要是他能夠征集起4200名騎士的軍隊(duì)老牛精品在线影视。

A bristling clump of those trees, monkey-brown with a tarry reek, their trunks nightmarishly tangled, still grows at the left side, facing across an untidy lawn to the big curved window of what used to be the living room but which Miss Vavasour prefers to call, in landladyese, the lounge.

那些樹，褐色還帶著焦灼的氣息久久精品国产88久久综合，軀干像噩夢一樣糾纏在一起亚洲一区欧美日韩，它們直立的灌木叢依然生長，就是在靠左的那一旁欧美精品91一区二区在线观看，面向著一個(gè)凌亂的草坪wwwww网站，直到一扇巨大彎曲的窗子性爱视频网站入口，那曾經(jīng)是一間起居室，但&封臣&小姐站在她老板娘的角度更愿意稱呼它是一間休息室亚洲欧美综合图片。

The royal families of Salian and Staufen appointed many imperial ministeriales as imperial offices to support them to rebuild monarchy. The political situation and economic structure in Germany in that period, namely from 11th to 12th centuries, had a deep slow change; on the political situation Germany transferred from monarchy to local governing, namely territorial states; on the other hand, the commerce resumed and new cities established, social lives were in deep changing in Germany.

薩立安尤其是斯陶芬的王室出于鞏固及加強(qiáng)王權(quán)的需要而大批任用王室封臣啪啪视频黄色，并委以重任。11免费黄色高清无码视频、12世紀(jì)德國的政治格局不卡免费A级毛片，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)都在發(fā)生著緩慢而深刻的變化；政治上德國正在由中央集權(quán)向領(lǐng)地邦國制度過渡国产精品亚洲视频；經(jīng)濟(jì)上農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展一级A爱毛片，商業(yè)復(fù)興，城市興起免费黄污网站，可以說欧美性爱黄色一级录像，德國的方方面面都在變。

The spirit of feudal system formed after the Conquest was the contract relationship between the seigneurs and vassals, of which the taxation relationship between them was the important part.

諾曼征服后所確立的封建制度的實(shí)質(zhì)即是在封君和封臣之間建立起一種契約關(guān)系igao视频激情在线，而雙方的稅收征納關(guān)系則是該契約的重要內(nèi)容色欧美性爱。

counsel：建議

封臣義務(wù)中的"建議"(counsel)部分要求他在領(lǐng)主召喚的時(shí)候到領(lǐng)主的城堡來,對(duì)于直屬封臣來說,則在國王召喚的時(shí)候到國王這里來,而"建議"這個(gè)詞本身很快跟這種會(huì)議聯(lián)系在一起.

fealty：效忠

"效忠(Fealty)"來自拉丁語"Fidelitas",也就是忠誠;效忠宣誓因此成為一個(gè)保證,即封臣會(huì)忠于領(lǐng)主. 一旦贊譽(yù)儀式完成,領(lǐng)主和封臣就建立了封建關(guān)系,擁有了雙方承認(rèn)的相互間的義務(wù)和責(zé)任.

Feudalism：封建社會(huì)

本來封建社會(huì)(feudalism)指的是歐洲中世紀(jì)的一種非中央集權(quán)的政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)制度,即:君主,封臣(或諸侯)與土地三者之間的關(guān)系. 君主將土地封給諸侯,諸侯反過來對(duì)君主效忠,并向君主提供軍事服務(wù)(即替君主打仗). 其實(shí)這里沒有peasant什么事.

feudatory：封臣

feudatory 受有封地的 | feudatory 封臣 | feudatory 封臣的

feudatory：封地的

feudatory 封臣的 | feudatory 封地的 | feudist 封建法學(xué)家

fief：封地

中世紀(jì)盛行的封建主義以"封地"的分封和占有為基礎(chǔ),"封建制度"(feodalite)一詞即源于"封地"(fief). 它是在國王與臣民間建立起以相互忠誠和相互保護(hù)這一雙重承諾為前提的個(gè)人之間的聯(lián)系(封君封臣關(guān)系),以誓約和承諾為保障.

fief：封土

"封土"(fief)和"封臣"(vassal)是構(gòu)成西歐封建主義的兩個(gè)最核心的概念,一個(gè)反映財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系,一個(gè)反映社會(huì)或者政治關(guān)系. 蘇珊雷諾茲緊緊抓住這兩個(gè)概念作文章,仔細(xì)考察它們?cè)谖鳉W中世紀(jì)各國長達(dá)幾百年的發(fā)展變遷歷史. 下面分章進(jìn)行簡要介紹.

homager：封臣

homage 敬意 | homager 封臣 | hombre 男人

vassal：封臣

"封土"(fief)和"封臣"(vassal)是構(gòu)成西歐封建主義的兩個(gè)最核心的概念,一個(gè)反映財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系,一個(gè)反映社會(huì)或者政治關(guān)系. 蘇珊雷諾茲緊緊抓住這兩個(gè)概念作文章,仔細(xì)考察它們?cè)谖鳉W中世紀(jì)各國長達(dá)幾百年的發(fā)展變遷歷史. 下面分章進(jìn)行簡要介紹.

vassal：諸侯,封臣,附庸

central government 中央政府 | vassal 諸侯,封臣,附庸 | aulic 宮廷的