Based on Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from these 10 phytoplasmas using PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony) software, these phytoplasmas could be classified into five groups. These phytoplasmas groups and strains were: group 1, sweetpotato witches' broom, mainland China strain of sweetpotato witches' broom, peanut witches' broom and Ipomoea obscura witches' broom; group 2, loofah witches' broom; group 3, elm yellows; group 4, rice yellow dwarf and sugarcane white leaf disease; group 5, New Jersey strain of aster yellows and western strain of aster yellows.

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The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.5% Kathan for Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, F. moniliforme, Trichothecium roseum, Verticillium dahliae, and Phytophthora boehmeriae were 40, 40, 20, 20, and 2 mg/L, respectively, while EC50s were 9.20, 0.785, 0.695, 2.84, and 0.346 mg/L, respectively. MIC of 1.5% Kathan for Xanthomonas oryzae Dowson, Erwinia carotovora PV. carotovora were 1 and 10 mg/L, respectively. These results suggest that Kathan has good inhibitory activity against the 7 pathogens tested, especially against P. boehmeriae and X.

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S extract had an inhibition effect against Sphaerotheca fuligenea,The inhibition rate was 100% when extract concentration was 20mg/mL and the inhibition rate got to 67.66% even at the concentration of 2.5mg/mL. The extract of E. humifusa had different preventive effects against four strains of S. fuliginea from four districts in Shanghai. The preventive effects on the Qibao and Baoshan were better than those of Nanhui and Qingpu. The microorganism inhibition experiment by filter papers indicated that the extract of E. humifusa had higher inhibition effect against bacteria than on pathogenic fungus. Diameters of the zone of inhibition of salmonellas, Echerichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 15.77mm, 12.27mm and 10.53mm respectively. The extract of E. humifusa had a certain effect against Colletotrichum lagenarium, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctomia solan and Pyricularia oryza but no effect against Helminthosporium maydis and Gibberella zea. The 4 cation exchange resins and ethanol deposition were used to isolate the active fractions from supernate after alkali deposition.

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The anti-microbial activity of active materials against valsa mail,fusarium oxysporum,coniothyrium diplodieua and aspergillus nidulans were measured in vitro.the results showed that active materials extracted using acetone,aether and petroleum ether presented fungistasis to different extent on the four pathogenic fungi and had the best effect to coniothyrium diplodieua.active material extracted using ethanol presented certain anti-microbial effect to fusarium oxysporum.the results also showed there were anti-microbial active material in the leaves of cichorium intybus and founded a base on the research and application.

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The fungicidal activity of methanol extract was higher than that of ethyl acetate extract, and the inhibition rates were higher than 90% against Alternaria longipes, Fusarium oxysporium, Gibberella zeae, Glomerella cingulata, Exserohilum turcicum under the concentration of 1000g/mL The results of the inhibition of spore germination indicated that the fermentation products exhibited obvious inhibition rate against Alternaria longipes, Exserohilum turcicum and Fusarium coeruleum, the EC50 values was 59.4g/mL, 96.5g/mL and 132.5g/mL. In the bioassay of the fermentation products against Bacillus sub tills and Bacillus cereus, by means of detection fo inhibition zone, the inhibition zone diameter was 20mm and 27mm. The results of pot tests that methanol extract showed higher than 70% of protective efficacy and therapeutic efficacy against wheat powdery mildew under the concentration of 2000g/mL.

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The fungicidal activity of methanol extract was higher than that of ethylacetate extract. The bioassay showed that the methanol extracts of strain As fermentation products had certain degree fungicidical activity against Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria longipes, Glomerella cingulata, Curvulavia lunata, Gibberella zeae, Valsa malt under the concentration of 4000μg/mL, the inhibiting ratio against pathogen growth was ranging from 62.9%~85.1%; The results of the inhibition of spore germination indicated that the fermentation products exhibited obvious inhibition rate against Alternaria longipes, the EC50 values was 62.5328μg/mL; The bioassay showed that the methanol extracts of strain As fermentation products had certain degree fungicidical activity against Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis.

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The results of mycelium growth rate showed that the value of EC50 against Bipolaria maydis, Macrophoma kawatsukai, Fusanrium oxysporum, Fusarium solaid and Fusarium oxysporium were 0.979, 0.505, 1.733, 0.425 and 0.849mL/L. The result of spore germination proved that the value of EC50 against Alternaria longipes, Exserohilum trucicum, Fulua fulua and Fusarium solani were 1.709, 0.375, 0.445 and 1.333mL/L.

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On the inhibition to mycelial growth, the 95% ethanol extract had significantly inhibition to P. ultimum, F. oxysporum f. sp cucumber, R. solani and B. cinerea, and at the top treatment concentration of 0.002 g/mL, the inhibition rate reached to 60.32% 58.50%, 55.89% and 55.17%, respectively; But the 95% ethanol extract almost had no inhibition to S. rolfsii, its rate was just 17.19% at 0.002 g/mL.③On the inhibition to sprouting, the 95% ethanol extract had significantly inhibition to B. cinerea, R. solani, F. oxysporum f. sp cucumber and P. ultimum, and at the top treatment concentration of 0.002 g/mL, the inhibition rate reached to 95.24%, 90.48%, 89.47% and 85.71%, respectively; and the rate would exceed 40% to four fungi mentioned above when their concentration was not lower to 0.005g/mL. The 95% ethanol extracthad infirm inhibition to S. rolfsii, its rate was just 43.48% at 0.002 g/mL.

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The progress levels of symptoms after pathogen infection showed that interaction of gray leaf spot pathogen and host has differentiation or polymorphism. The progress levels of symptoms is different.The aggressively has polymorphism. The pathogenicity of different isolates in same cultivar has polymorphism, or the host reaction type of same isolate in different cultivars has polymorphism.The host reaction type has differentiation. There are seven types of host reaction in cultivar and inbred after infected by GLS pathogen:Rectangular lesion without chlorotic halo, Rectangular lesion with chlorotic halo,Irregular lesion without chlorotic halo,Irregular lesion with chlorotic halo, Spot lesion with chlorotic halo,Rectangular and irregular lesionand Rectangular and spot lesion. The host reaction type is coalesced lesion when disease severely. Frequency of each reaction types is different.

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With conventional PCR primer pair XBFF/R,the same 352bp bands appeared by amplifying all the DNA samples from the eight races,and no bands appeared by amplifying all the DNA samples from the 9 plant pathogen species(Cucumber powdery mildew,wheat yellow rust,wheat leaf rust,wheat stem rust,wheat scab,wheat sheath blight,wheat loose smut,maize sheath blight and maize head smut)and control.

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Botrytis cinerea Persoon：草苺灰色腐敗病菌;枇杷花腐病菌柿褐紋病菌

甘藷、菜豆黄片免费2021、碗豆亚洲无码操B视频、煙草久久精品国产96久久久、大麻、黃麻免费毛片入口、洋麻一级黄色网一级黄色网站、篦麻灰霉病菌 Botrytis cinerea Pers. | 草苺灰色腐敗病菌;枇杷花腐病菌柿褐紋病菌 Botrytis cinerea Persoon | 柿落果病菌 Botrytis diospyri Briosi

Botrytis cinerea Persoon：草莓灰色腐敗病菌;枇杷花腐病菌柿褐紋病菌

"甘薯,菜豆,碗豆,煙草,大麻,黃麻,洋麻,篦麻灰霉病菌","Botrytis cinerea Pers." | "草莓灰色腐敗病菌;枇杷花腐病菌柿褐紋病菌","Botrytis cinerea Persoon" | "柿落果病菌","Botrytis diospyri Briosi"

Botrytis diospyri Briosi：柿落果病菌

草苺灰色腐敗病菌;枇杷花腐病菌柿褐紋病菌 Botrytis cinerea Persoon | 柿落果病菌 Botrytis diospyri Briosi | 蠶豆赤褐點病菌 Botrytis fabae Sardina

Corticium rolfsit Curzi：瓜類白絹病菌;煙草白絹病菌;蒟蒻白絹病菌;甜菜白絹病菌

瓜類 cucurbit | 瓜類白絹病菌;煙草白絹病菌;蒟蒻白絹病菌;甜菜白絹病菌;...... Corticium rolfsit Curzi | 瓜皮槭;瓜皮楓 Acer rufinerve S. et Z.

Cronartium quercuum Miyabe：栗樹毛銹病菌;赤松黑松木癭病菌;赤樫毛銹病菌

栗樹毛銹病菌;赤松黑松木癭病菌;赤樫毛銹病菌 Cronartium quercuum Miyabe | 茶藨子類銹病菌;發(fā)疹銹病菌 Cronartium ribicola Fischer . et Walh... | 黃精葉鉤吻(松村) Croomia heterocephala Okuyama.; C.japonica ...

Cronartium ribicola Fischer . et Walheim：茶藨子類銹病菌;發(fā)疹銹病菌

栗樹毛銹病菌;赤松黑松木癭病菌;赤樫毛銹病菌 Cronartium quercuum Miy... | 茶藨子類銹病菌;發(fā)疹銹病菌 Cronartium ribicola Fischer . et Walheim | 黃精葉鉤吻(松村) Croomia heterocephala Okuyama.; C.japonica ...

Gymnosporangium japonicum Sydow：龍柏銹病菌之一 ;貼梗海棠銹病菌之一;毛葉石楠赤星病菌之一

"杜松銹病菌;唐棣赤星病菌","Gymnosporangium idetae Yamad... | "龍柏銹病菌之一 ;貼梗海棠銹病菌之一;毛葉石楠赤星病菌之一","Gymnosporangium japonicum Sydow" | "梨三方赤星病菌 ;日本花楸赤星病菌之一","Gymnos...

Gymnosporangium juniperi Link：梨三方赤星病菌 ;日本花楸赤星病菌之一

"龍柏銹病菌之一 ;貼梗海棠銹病菌之一;毛葉石楠赤星病菌之一",... | "梨三方赤星病菌 ;日本花楸赤星病菌之一","Gymnosporangium juniperi Link" | "日本花柏銹病菌之一;日本花楸赤星病菌之一;水榆赤星病菌之一","Gymn...

Hypochnus sasakii Shirai;Pellicularia sasakii (Shirai) S. Ito：稻紋枝病菌;紅花三葉草;白花三葉草葉腐病菌之一

"糖蘿菔白絹病菌","Hypochnus rolfsii Sacc;Corticum... | "稻紋枝病菌;紅花三葉草;白花三葉草葉腐病菌之一","Hypochnus sasakii Shirai;Pellicularia sasakii (Shirai) S. Ito" | "粟灰色白絹病菌","Hypochnus setar...

Phakospora pachyrhizi Sydow; Phakospora sojae Sawada; Uromyces sojae (P. Hann) Sydow：大豆銹病菌;葛銹病菌

無花果銹病菌 Phakospora nishidan... | 大豆銹病菌;葛銹病菌 Phakospora pachyrhizi Sydow; Phakospora sojae Sawada; Uromyces sojae (P. Hann) Sydow | 大豆銹病菌;葛銹病菌 Phakospora sojae Sawada; Phakospora ...