The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

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This paper presents a notion of airplane-flight pairing assignment cost as the evaluating index, and analyzes three compositions of the costs: flight direct operation cost, flight spill cost and amercement cost, then, educes flight direct operation costaccording to the cost theory lodged by the Air Transportation Association wor.

本文提出飛機-航班節(jié)分配成本的概念作為其評估指標igao视频为爱搞激情，分析該成本的三個組成：航班直接運行成本79av视频在线观看、航班溢出成本和罰成本，并根據(jù)航空運輸協(xié)會工作組提出的成本理論得出航班直接運行成本黄色迷晕网站，構造旅客溢出的概率模型中国性猛交XXXXX免费看，引入罰成本的相關系數(shù)久久五月天婷婷综合。

Author analyses the cost, benefit and efficiency in detail, and comes to three conclusions: first, the aim is to get the minimal cost from the sum of direct cost and erroneous cost in economy; second, the highest point exists when marginal cost crosses marginal revenue; third, the design of the minimal cost in criminal summary procedure system must insist three principles: punctual, brief and justice.

在這一部分中，筆者通過對刑事簡易程序進行成本分析亚洲电影免费观看、收益分析以及效率分析得出了三個重要的結論：一是從經濟學的角度看国产亚洲一二三，刑事簡易程序的目的就是要使直接成本和錯誤成本之和最小化；二是刑事簡易程序成本投入的最佳水平是其邊際成本與邊際收益相交的均衡點先锋影音AV网站；三是為了實現(xiàn)成本的最小化国内一级黄色a片，在設計刑事簡易程序制度時應當堅持三個原則——及時原則、精簡原則和最低公正原則国产不卡免费一级视频。

The difficult points of cost plan and control for large-scale intermittent manufacture include laying stress on controls of product project cost, preconstruction on cost standard reference system, reasonable share for total cost, structure of target cost as well as symmetrization of cost information, etc.

大型離散制造企業(yè)成本計劃與控制的難點有：產品項目成本控制的特殊需求2020免费黄色视频、成本標準參照體系的預構建、總額費用的合理分攤日韩精品激情视频网站免费观看在线、目標成本的體系結構538午夜视频、成本信息的對稱問題等。

Under the condition of the following factors concerning the optimization models:the investment cost, operating cost, unfair cost, payment evade cost, drivers' extra cost and environmental pollution cost, this paper raises the optimized models of multi-modes payment of toll collection system and its algorithm is proposed by SAGA hybrid optimization strategy, which can simultaneously optimize the following results: the optimum locations of toll stations, numbers of toll stations, the numbers of different tolling modes' tollgates of every toll station, ETC users' discount rate, and can estimate the installation rate of TAG of every toll station, the actual traffic flow capacity of different tollgate, can obtain the best toll collection system under the different simulated decision conditions.

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But under such market economy condition, the concept the tradition cost is controlled already can not adapt to modern cost idea, responds to the outside environment keeping a foothold in the overall strategic objective and enterprise , seeks cost in the contrast from cost and beneficial result minization not only the content that modern business cost controls being to cost down isolatedly.

在這樣的市場經濟條件下，傳統(tǒng)的成本控制觀念已不能適應現(xiàn)代成本理念97精品国产综合区久久久久久，現(xiàn)代企業(yè)成本控制的內容不僅僅是孤立地降低成本直播黄片香蕉视频在线免费看，而應立足于整體戰(zhàn)略目標及企業(yè)外部環(huán)境，從成本與效益的對比中尋找成本最小化中文字幕黄。

Innovation achievements of this dissertation are mainly in the content and the method, namely: presents the content of EAP thoroughly and systematically; reviews the cost, utility and empirical studies of EAP; investigates the cost and utility of EAP theoretically, conducts the typical survey of the EAP implementation of a domestic enterprise; establishes multivariate linear regression equation of EAP utility; sets up an allocation model of EAP cost through Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThis dissertation\'s conclusion is that EAP cost is related to the time and frequency of EAP used by employee under the fixed cost, the tendency of using EAP is related to demographic characteristics and other factors, the utility of EAP is related to the personal preference of using EAP at least, the utility of EAP is leastwise related to 7 factors, the relationship with the supervisor is the most important factor in the workplace, personal health is the largest part of EAP cost.

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In view of the not high whole level of cost control of our construction enterprise, lacks the feasibility strong cost control method. The construction enterprise cost has one -sidedness to control the idea, workers cost consciousness of enterprise is not strong, construct enterprise cost is remain current situation during the course of constructing, etc. The thesis submits the focal point of every stages of cost controlling and the method and theory of cost control.

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Under the condition of the following- factors concerning the optimization models:the investment cost, operating cost, unfair cost, payment evade cost, drivers" extra cost and environmental pollution cost.this paper raises the optimized models of multi-modes payment of teH collection system and its algorithm is proposed by SAGA -hybrid optimization strategy, which can simultaneously optimize the following results: the optimum locations of toll stations, numbers of toll stations, the numbers of different tolling, modes" tailgates of every toll station, ETC users discount rate.and can estimate the installation rate of TAG of every toll station.the actual traffic flow capadty of different toiigate, can obtain the best toll collection system under the different simulated decision conditions.

本文充分考慮了駕駛員繳費技術選擇與繳費車道選擇的特性，提出了駕駛員繳費方式隨機選擇模型欧美A片网址大全；在考慮了收費系統(tǒng)的投資成本亚洲日韩色图16p页、營運成本、不公平成本久久九九九、漏收成本免费一级特黄A毛大片看看、駕駛員的額外成本和環(huán)境污染成本等因素的基礎上，提出了多收費方式收費系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化模型亚洲精品白色在线发布，提出采用模擬退火遺傳算法進行收費系統(tǒng)尋優(yōu)的算法，可同時優(yōu)化出一個收費系統(tǒng)的收費站位置與數(shù)量黄色在线1级、不同收費站不同收費方式的收費車道數(shù)和ETC用戶的折扣率等參數(shù)L免费毛片，可估算不同收費站TAG的安裝率、不同收費車道實際使用量国产第页，可模擬不同決策情境下的最佳系統(tǒng)資源配置方案国产真人A片免费看。

The chapter four to chapter eight analyze the railway engineering cost making standard from the sides respectively including railway engineering quotation, railway quotation direct cost, site administration cost, construction measurement cost, indirect cost and profit, analyze the key factor which influencing cost, confirm the scientificity and rationality of the current cost making standard basing on field measuring data, bring forward the advise of the ways and method of reducing invest and cost, and bring forward the opinion and advice for improve and perfect the current railway cost making standard.

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