In four or five years the government will face a new election, and it must think of how it will win that election. That would encourage a preference for policies that will bring short term benefits to the electorate (or to self-interested politicians) before the next election, rather than unpopular policy with longer term benefits.

在未來(lái)的四五年內(nèi)mianfeihuangseshipin，政府將會(huì)面臨一次新的選舉，在這次選舉中午夜理理伦电影A片无码，政府必須考慮如何去贏日本精品视频在线观看，而這將會(huì)在下一次選舉之前鼓勵(lì)產(chǎn)生能為全體選民帶來(lái)短期利益（或者是為利己主義的政客們）的政策美女黄禁止18以下看尿口网站，而不是產(chǎn)生帶來(lái)長(zhǎng)期利益但卻不受歡迎的政策。

The studied object covers the election of councilor and the representatives of People's Congress, and the study involves the democracy and election rules, the Potential Rules of logrolling and the strategic action in Chinese style election, the property rights analysis of universal suffrage history, property rights restriction and election legalization, the logic of rational e...

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At first, there will be a Primary Election which is held during the first half of the Campaign Year.

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With the advice and unanimous consent of our brothers, cardinals of the holy Roman church, by means of this our constitution which will have permanent validity, we establish, ordain, decree and define, by apostolic authority and the fulness of our power, that if it happens (which may God avert in his mercy and goodness towards all), after God has released us or our successors from the government of the universal church, that by the efforts of the enemy of the human race and following the urge of ambition or greed, the election of the Roman pontiff is made or effected by the person who is elected, or by one or several members of the college of cardinals, giving their votes in a manner that in any way involves simony being committed -- by the gift, promise or receipt of money, goods of any sort, castles, offices, benefices, promises or obligations -- by the person elected or by one or several other persons, in any manner or form whatsoever, even if the election resulted in a majority of two-thirds or in the unanimous choice of all the cardinals, or even in a spontaneous agreement on the part of all, without a scrutiny being made, then not only is this election or choice itself null, and does not bestow on the person elected or chosen in this fashion any right of either spiritual or temporal administration, but also there can be alleged and presented, against the person elected or chosen in this manner, by any one of the cardinals who has taken part in the election, the charge of simony, as a true and unquestionable heresy, so that the one elected is not regarded by anyone as the Roman pontiff.

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The Essay is focused on the new election system of Japanese House of Representatives' to find out the roles of election system in Japan democratic Progress. To perfect the electoral system, Japan had mended its election system of the House of Representatives 14 times since 1889 till 1994. In 1993, some political issues, included the reform of election system, eventually led Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi to resign and ended the Liberal Democratic Party' 38-year-old reign, as well as the so-call"55 system（the party system of 1955）".During the past century, Japan has tried small, medium and large sized district systems, currently "First past the post with Proportional Representation System", to constitute a fair and better system which is expected to improve Japan's political environments and make voters trust the politics.

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There are many new election methods during the investigation of election methods. But all kinds of election methods, seeing from the election system itself, all value the candidate individual character and follow the traditional political principle "choose wise raise ability", but their common weakness is that they all neglect the importance of the whole function, and can't resolve the strong limitation by the agrestic culture.

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But the elector ticket finally in us said decided his voting favors, does not have the leeway which any may change, therefore has like this had an extremely important American election peculiar circumstance, has a possibility presidential candidate, loses the national election Pu ballot most, but he can attain the elector ticket the most speeches, he can equally president-elect, then we discussed a moment ago 2000 US presidential election, Bush was this kind of kind of mechanism which depended on, finally was in front of a goal a foot, has achieved the presidential election success, then US electoral system third Americanizing characteristicIs, he who we said needs the massive funds the investment, then acts according to the media the report, until now, American this year in 2008 president candidate, two candidates expenditures, probably already approached 1,400,000,000 US dollars, then a what concept 1,400,000,000 US dollars were?

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The US electoral system this kind of Americanizing characteristic, is we said its special voting way, is USs election although is the general election system, but voters direct voting is not throws for presidents candidate, but is throws to us said, US from 1784, his constitutionalism conference already determined, we said called ElectoralCollege to be called the elector to roll the system, then this elector rolled the system, meant said USs presidential election, in essentially was one kind, was not the direct general election, but was one kind of indirect general election, then each voter voted gives Honshus thisWe said the elector, finally acts according to this state, two political party candidates, who attains this state in all voter ticket most, then this state all elector ticket, directly for this presidential candidate, therefore we said this kind of system in the voting way, calls WinningTakeOver, who is in which state achievement, then he is only possibly simple most, but he can attain this state all elector ticket.

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In Taiwan election campaign, there is a phenomenon which shows that the election is based on certain degrees of consanguinity and affection. This phenomenon has been approached in this paper as the first aspect to investigate Taiwan election culture, and the design of the election system externalizes the negative part of Taiwan election culture.

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