Shadow effect can not be neglected for thermal analysis of spacecraft,Accroding to the angle between solar light and antenna orbit plane and its orbit location,analytical geometry method was used for accurately calculating solar radiation heat flux distribution of reflector surfaces.To analyze the temperature field under heat flux,the formulations of net radiation flux density between two gray elements and the net flux density of gray surface under external thermal flux were deduced.Based on the characteristic of space environment,the nonlinear temperature distribution in transverse direction of reflector shell self radiation were considered,the finite element formulations were given for orthogonal material layered shell by Galerkin method.A layered element including a inner heat source layer was proposed,and the finite element formulation expressed by DOF of the inner heat source layer were put forward with temperature and heat flux boundarys between adjacent layer.

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The sub-models are interactive and correlative, the primary contents calculated in each sub-model are as follows:(1) Temperature field model: According to actual producing process of hotrolled strip, various boundary conditions were taken into account, including heat losing process such as air cooling, scaling, contacting with roll, cooling between stands, laminar cooling, coil cooling, and heat generating process such as heat of deformation, friction heat, latent heat of phase transformation, and so on.

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In these several years, the company has cooperated with German Lurgi and Nanjing Chermical Industrial Group Design Institute to develop the series of products of waste heat boiler of sulfuric acid made of pyrites. This product and blowing air waste heat boiler are selected as Specially-designated Products. Regarding the cement kiln low temperature waste heat recovery, the company has fully introduced and digested advanced domestic and foreign technologies and has achieved great success. The company has marched into metallurgical industry in 2004, established cooperation with numerous large scale metallurgical institutes and successful developed series of products of waste heat boilers in metallurgical industry, especially sinter cooler low temperature waste gas residual heat power generation boiler. It has successively developed the products such as converter waste heat boiler, electric furnace waste boiler etc.

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Firstly, the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement by oscillation heat surface is discussed in natural convection scene. For different oscillation amplitude and Rayleigh number, the frequency that the heat transfer rate of oscillation heat surface is higher than non-oscillation condition is found and called critical oscillation frequency. The limitation enhancement of similar physical model is still researched by this study in mixed and forced convection scenes for different amplitude and Grashof number. Generally, that a heat surface subject to a oscillation motion is advantageous to convective heat transfer is a well-known tuition.

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In order to identify the proteins which are responsible for the better fruit set in heat-tolerant variety than in heat-sensitive one, we used two dimensional electrophoresis systems to separate isolated proteins from developing anther and looked for the proteins up-/down-regulated in heat-tolerant variety. In doing so, two selected cultivars, CL5915, the heat-tolerant, and L4783, the heat-sensitive, were grown at the same time in a phytotron at both 30/25℃ and 25/20℃. The proteins isolated from developing anthers of heat-tolerant variety grown in 30/25℃, were subtracted to remove the common genetic background.

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Apart from the working limitations resulting from its structural property, the flat plate heat pipe carries out heat dissipation through the evaporation and condensation of the working fluid. Thus, if the working angle of the fluid is adverse to its backflow, the heat pipe will fail easily. Furthermore, not the orientations of all the heat sources are favorable to the functioning of the heat pipe. To compensate for this drawback, this research focuses primarily on the development of a composite structure which will reduce the effect of gravity on the working fluid. Generally speaking, the heat pipe is divided into three main categories: the groove type, sintered metal type and mesh screen type, as shown in Table 2. As far as capillary force is concerned, the sintered metal type and mesh screen type show better performance. As mentioned in R.

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Based on the experime ntal researches some of heat pipe apparatus are developed, such as, giant heat p ipe steam generator, high temperature heat pipe air furnace and separate-type heat pipe steam generator at high temperature and with high heat flux. All of t hese show the progress of heat pipe tec hnology research and development in recent years.

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Through analysis of the thermal equilibrium to the coke oven, it's determined that the sensible heat recoveries of the hot coke physical thermal energy, crude gas, and combustion waste gas are the main three aspect of the residual heat recovery in coke production. Among these, hot coke physical thermal energy is prime recovery resource with an approximate occupation of 35% of the total coke oven heat. On studying to the production processing of coke oven gas purification system, residual heat resource composite, energy system structure, and the state of the art of the recovery of the heat source, it's determined that the way of residual heat resource utilization is mainly to modify the chemical processing and the high temperature recovery processing medium, the energy system mainly adopts home-grown energy resource (coke oven gas. etc.) in stead of direct outsourcing.

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